Investigating the Church’s links to the Slave Trade

On the face of it, this was a highly unusual and complex assignment. In part, this was because we had to rely on contemporaneous documentary records – these were the handwritten financial ledgers of Queen Anne’s Bounty that dated from 1708 to the mid-19th century.

These ledgers contained the details of thousands of transactions but had been the subject of little academic research by scholars. Added to this, the transactions were recorded in the old £-s-d currency that was not compatible with modern accounting programmes.

However, while these factors did present unique challenges, we were able to help our client by deploying fundamental forensic techniques: detailed transactions analysis, account reconstruction and asset tracing.

The first step was to analyse the ledgers. To help with this, Grant Thornton’s forensic data analytics team created a formula that allowed us to record and analyse the transactions in their original £-s-d denomination.

We recorded the details of around 12,000 transactions, spanning nearly 150 years. Once a transaction in the ledgers had been recorded, it was categorised based on several factors. For example, whether it was an item of income or expenditure, or whether it was an investment in a known slave trader.

Relying on these categorisations, we then constructed a series of rudimental financial statements. This allowed us to develop a comprehensive picture of Queen Anne’s Bounty’s financial operations and identify and contextualise material investments in slave trading entities. 

We found that Queen Anne’s Bounty, had purchased investments in an entity called the South Sea Company, which is known to have transported over 34,000 enslaved persons across the Atlantic.

The South Sea Company ceased trading in enslaved people in 1739, at which point the bounty had invested £443 million (in today's terms). The bounty continued to invest in the South Sea Company until the late 18th century. In total these investments generated income of £1.4 billion (in today's terms) for the bounty.

We also found that the bounty received many donations, known as benefactions, from individuals who had links to transatlantic slavery. This includes well-known individuals such as Edward Colston (whose statue was famously toppled into Bristol Harbour during the Black Lives Matter protests in 2020).

The money from benefactions was used to purchase land and property. We traced a sample of these assets to determine whether they were still held in the Church’s endowment fund today. Based on this sample we concluded that it is likely that most, if not all, of the property assets, are no longer held by the Church.

In response to our findings, the Church Commissioners decided to make the information public. They did so in the Church Commissioners' research into historic links to transatlantic chattel slavery a report released in January 2023. This report gives credit to our team and explains the work in more detail. Alongside the report, an exhibition was opened at Lambeth Palace Library to showcase the historic records.

The Church also pledged £100 million over the next nine years to “invest for a better and fairer future for all” and focus on “opportunities for communities adversely impacted by historic slavery”.